The Cliff Ruins of Canyon de Chelly, Arizona Sixteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1894-95, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1897, pages 73-198

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"The Cliff Ruins of Canyon de Chelly, Arizona" by Cosmos Mindeleff is an archaeological and ethnological study written in the late 19th century. This work explores the rich history and structural remains of the ancient pueblo culture, specifically focused on the significant cliff ruins found in Canyon de Chelly. Mindeleff delves into the history of exploration in this remote region, as well as the geographical and architectural factors that influenced the settlement patterns of the ancestral Puebloans. The opening of the text introduces the reader to the setting of Canyon de Chelly, which has been largely undocumented due to its inaccessibility and location in the heart of Navaho territory. Mindeleff recounts early explorations and the conjectures about the canyon's monumental cliff dwellings made by various explorers. He highlights the importance of Lieutenant J. H. Simpson's observations from a military expedition in the mid-19th century, which laid the groundwork for future archaeological understanding of these sites. The author emphasizes the complex interplay between the geography of the canyon and the village sites, indicating a profound connection between the natural landscape and the ancient inhabitants' lifestyles.